Kufufuza Malingaliro Olakwika Ochokera ku Ukafukufuku wa Sayansi

Sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pa zoyeserera. M'zaka zana zapitazi, asayansi avumbulutsa malamulo oyambira a moyo, monga kapangidwe ka DNA ka helix kawiri, njira zowongolera majini, ntchito za mapuloteni, komanso njira zolumikizirana ndi ma cell, kudzera mu njira zoyesera. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti sayansi ya moyo imadalira kwambiri zoyeserera, ndikosavuta kubereka "zolakwika zowona" mu kafukufuku - kudalira kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika deta yowona, pomwe akunyalanyaza kufunikira kwa kapangidwe ka chiphunzitso, zoletsa za njira, ndi kulingalira kolimba. Lero, tiyeni tifufuze zolakwika zingapo zodziwika bwino mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ya moyo pamodzi:

Deta ndi Chowonadi: Kumvetsetsa Konse kwa Zotsatira Zoyesera

Mu kafukufuku wa zamoyo zamamolekyulu, deta yoyesera nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati 'umboni wosaphimbidwa'. Ofufuza ambiri amakonda kukweza mwachindunji zotsatira zoyesera kukhala zomaliza za chiphunzitso. Komabe, zotsatira zoyesera nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga momwe zimachitikira poyesera, kuyera kwa zitsanzo, kuzindikira, ndi zolakwika zaukadaulo. Chofala kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa kwabwino mu fluorescence quantitative PCR. Chifukwa cha malo ochepa komanso momwe zimachitikira m'ma laboratories ambiri ofufuza, n'zosavuta kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu za PCR ndi aerosol. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti zitsanzo zoipitsidwa zikhale ndi Ct yotsika kwambiri kuposa momwe zilili panthawi ya fluorescence quantitative PCR yotsatira. Ngati zotsatira zolakwika zoyesera zigwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa popanda kusankha, zingotsogolera ku ziganizo zolakwika. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, asayansi adapeza kudzera mu zoyeserera kuti nucleus ya selo ili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, pomwe gawo la DNA ndi limodzi ndipo likuwoneka kuti lili ndi "chidziwitso chochepa". Chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri adaganiza kuti "chidziwitso cha majini chiyenera kukhalapo m'mapuloteni." Ichi chinalidi "chiganizo choyenera" kutengera zomwe zidachitika panthawiyo. Mpaka mu 1944, Oswald Avery anachita kafukufuku wolondola womwe adatsimikizira koyamba kuti ndi DNA, osati mapuloteni, yomwe inali chonyamulira chenicheni cha cholowa. Izi zimadziwika kuti ndi poyambira pa sayansi ya zamoyo zamamolekyu. Izi zikusonyezanso kuti ngakhale sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pa kafukufuku, kafukufuku wina nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malire ndi zinthu zingapo monga kapangidwe ka kafukufuku ndi njira zaukadaulo. Kudalira kokha zotsatira za kafukufuku popanda kulingalira bwino kungasokeretse kafukufuku wasayansi mosavuta.

Kufotokozera: kufalitsa deta yakomweko ku machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi

Kuvuta kwa zochitika zamoyo kumatsimikizira kuti zotsatira zoyeserera kamodzi nthawi zambiri zimangowonetsa mkhalidwewo pamalo enaake. Koma ofufuza ambiri amakonda kufotokoza mopanda nzeru zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa mu mzere wa selo, chamoyo chachitsanzo, kapena ngakhale seti ya zitsanzo kapena zoyeserera kwa anthu onse kapena zamoyo zina. Mwambi wofala womwe umamveka mu labotale ndi wakuti: 'Ndinachita bwino nthawi yatha, koma sindinathe kufika nthawi ino.' Ichi ndi chitsanzo chofala kwambiri chokhudza deta yakomweko ngati chitsanzo chapadziko lonse. Pochita zoyeserera mobwerezabwereza ndi magulu angapo a zitsanzo kuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, vutoli limachitika nthawi zambiri. Ofufuza angaganize kuti apeza "malamulo apadziko lonse", koma kwenikweni, ndi chinyengo chabe cha mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yoyesera yomwe ili pamwamba pa deta. Mtundu uwu wa 'zabodza zaukadaulo' unali wofala kwambiri mu kafukufuku woyambirira wa jini chip, ndipo tsopano umapezekanso nthawi zina muukadaulo wapamwamba monga kutsata maselo amodzi.

Malipoti Osankha: kupereka deta yokhayo yomwe ikukwaniritsa zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa

Kusankha deta ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zodziwika bwino komanso zoopsa kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa sayansi ya mamolekyu. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza kapena kuchepetsa deta yomwe sikugwirizana ndi malingaliro, ndipo amangonena zotsatira zoyeserera "zopambana", motero amapanga malo ofufuza ogwirizana koma osiyana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zomwe anthu amachita pa ntchito yofufuza yasayansi yothandiza. Amakhazikitsa zotsatira zomwe amayembekezera kumayambiriro kwa kuyesa, ndipo pambuyo poti kuyesako kwatha, amangoyang'ana pa zotsatira zoyesera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zomwe amayembekezera, ndikuchotsa mwachindunji zotsatira zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe amayembekezera ngati "zolakwika zoyesera" kapena "zolakwika zogwirira ntchito". Kusankha deta kumeneku kumangobweretsa zotsatira zolakwika za chiphunzitso. Njirayi siili yongofuna, koma khalidwe losadziwika la ofufuza, koma nthawi zambiri imabweretsa zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri. Linus Pauling, yemwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel, nthawi ina ankakhulupirira kuti vitamini C wambiri imatha kuchiza khansa ndipo "idatsimikizira" malingaliro awa kudzera mu data yoyambirira yoyesera. Koma mayeso azachipatala ambiri otsatira awonetsa kuti zotsatirazi sizokhazikika ndipo sizingabwerezedwenso. Mayeso ena akuwonetsanso kuti vitamini C ingasokoneze chithandizo chachizolowezi. Koma mpaka lero, pali makampani ambiri odziyimira pawokha omwe akutenga mawu oyambira a Nas Bowling kuti alimbikitse chiphunzitso chotchedwa chimodzi-side theory cha chithandizo cha Vc cha khansa, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chithandizo chachizolowezi cha odwala khansa.

Kubwerera ku mzimu wa empiricism ndikuupambana

Mfundo yaikulu ya sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pa zoyeserera. Zoyeserera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chotsimikizira chiphunzitso, osati maziko anzeru osinthira lingaliro la chiphunzitso. Kuwonekera kwa zolakwika zoyesedwa nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku chikhulupiriro cha ofufuza m'zofufuza zoyeserera komanso kusaganizira mokwanira za malingaliro ndi njira zophunzitsira.
Kuyesa ndiye muyezo wokhawo woweruza kuti chiphunzitso ndi choona, koma sichingalowe m'malo mwa kuganiza kwa chiphunzitso. Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi sikudalira kokha kusonkhanitsa deta, komanso chitsogozo chanzeru ndi mfundo zomveka bwino. M'munda womwe ukukulirakulira mwachangu wa sayansi ya zamoyo, pokhapokha ngati tipitilizabe kukonza bwino kapangidwe ka kuyesa, kusanthula mwadongosolo, ndi kuganiza mozama ndi komwe tingapewe kugwera mumsampha wa empiricism ndikupita ku chidziwitso chenicheni cha sayansi.