Kufufuza za Epirical Misconceptions mu Scientific Research

Sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pazoyeserera. M’zaka za m’ma 100 zapitazi, asayansi avumbula malamulo ofunikira a moyo, monga mmene DNA imapangidwira, njira zoyendetsera ma jini, kugwira ntchito kwa mapuloteni, ngakhalenso njira zosonyezera ma cell kudzera m’njira zoyesera. Komabe, ndendende chifukwa sayansi ya moyo imadalira kwambiri zoyesera, ndizosavuta kubereka "zolakwika zowona" mu kafukufuku - kudalira kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika deta yampirical, pomwe kunyalanyaza kufunikira kwa zomangamanga zongoganiza, zolephera za njira, ndi kulingalira mozama.Lero, tiyeni tifufuze zolakwika zingapo zomwe zimawonekera mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ya moyo limodzi:

Deta ndi Choonadi: Kumvetsetsa Kotheratu Zotsatira Zakuyesa

Mu kafukufuku wa mamolekyulu a biology, deta yoyesera nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati 'umboni wa ironclad'. Ofufuza ambiri amakonda kukweza mwachindunji zotsatira zoyesera kuti zikhale zongopeka. Komabe, zotsatira zoyesera nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mikhalidwe yoyesera, chiyero cha zitsanzo, kuzindikira kuzindikira, ndi zolakwika zaukadaulo. Chofala kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa koyenera mu fluorescence quantitative PCR. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo komanso zoyeserera m'malo ambiri ofufuza, ndikosavuta kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa aerosol muzinthu za PCR. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ku zitsanzo zoipitsidwa zomwe zimakhala zotsika kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira panthawi ya PCR ya fluorescence quantitative. Ngati zotsatira zolakwika zoyesera zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza popanda tsankho, zidzangobweretsa malingaliro olakwika. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, asayansi adapeza kudzera muzoyesera kuti phata la selo lili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, pamene chigawo cha DNA ndi chimodzi ndipo chikuwoneka kuti chili ndi "chidziwitso chochepa". Choncho, anthu ambiri anaganiza kuti “zidziwitso za majini ziyenera kukhala m’mapuloteni.” Izi zinalidi "lingaliro lomveka" lozikidwa pa zomwe zinachitikira panthawiyo. Sizinafike mpaka 1944 pamene Oswald Avery anachita zoyeserera zolondola zomwe adatsimikizira koyamba kuti ndi DNA, osati mapuloteni, omwe anali chonyamulira chenicheni cha cholowa. Izi zimadziwika kuti poyambira za biology ya mamolekyulu. Izi zikuwonetsanso kuti ngakhale sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pa zoyeserera, zoyeserera zenizeni nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zingapo monga kapangidwe koyesera ndi njira zaukadaulo. Kudalira kokha pazotsatira zoyesera popanda kuchotsera zomveka kungapangitse kafukufuku wasayansi kusokera mosavuta.

Generalization: kupangitsa kuti deta yakumaloko ikhale yapadziko lonse lapansi

Kuvuta kwa zochitika zamoyo kumatsimikizira kuti chotsatira chimodzi choyesera nthawi zambiri chimangowonetsa momwe zinthu zilili pazochitika zinazake. Koma ofufuza ambiri amakonda kufotokozera mopupuluma zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa mu cell, zamoyo zachitsanzo, kapenanso zitsanzo kapena zoyeserera kwa anthu onse kapena zamoyo zina. Mawu ofala amene amamveka mu labotale ndi akuti: 'Ndinachita bwino nthawi yatha, koma sindinathe kukwanitsa nthawi ino.' Ichi ndi chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri chotengera deta yam'deralo ngati njira yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mukamayesa mobwerezabwereza ndi magulu angapo a zitsanzo kuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, izi zimachitika mosavuta. Ofufuza angaganize kuti apeza "ulamuliro wapadziko lonse", koma zoona zake, ndi chinyengo chabe cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zomwe zili pamwamba pa deta. Mtundu uwu wa 'technical false positive' udali wofala kwambiri pakafukufuku woyambirira wa jini, ndipo tsopano umapezekanso muukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri monga kutsatizana kwa selo imodzi.

Lipoti losankhika: Kupereka zomwe zimakwaniritsa zoyembekeza zokha

Kuwonetsa deta yosankhidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zodziwika kwambiri komanso zowopsa pakufufuza kwa biology ya mamolekyulu. Ochita kafukufuku amakonda kunyalanyaza kapena kuchepetsa deta yomwe sikugwirizana ndi zongopeka, ndipo amangonena zotsatira zoyesera "zopambana", motero amapanga kafukufuku wosagwirizana koma wosiyana. Ichinso ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zomwe anthu amalakwitsa pochita kafukufuku wa sayansi. Amayikiratu zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kumayambiriro kwa kuyesera, ndipo pambuyo poyesera kutsirizidwa, amangoganizira zotsatira zoyesera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zoyembekeza, ndikuchotsa mwachindunji zotsatira zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi ziyembekezo monga "zolakwa zoyesera" kapena "zolakwika zogwirira ntchito". Kusefa kosankha kwa dataku kudzangobweretsa zotsatira zolakwika zamalingaliro. Izi nthawi zambiri sizikhala mwadala, koma ndi khalidwe lachidziwitso la ofufuza, koma nthawi zambiri limabweretsa zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri. Wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Linus Pauling nthawi ina ankakhulupirira kuti vitamini C wochuluka akhoza kuchiza khansa ndipo "atsimikizira" maganizo amenewa kudzera muzofufuza zoyamba. Koma mayesero azachipatala omwe adatsatira awonetsa kuti zotsatirazi ndi zosakhazikika ndipo sizingafanane. Kuyesera kwina kumasonyeza kuti vitamini C ikhoza kusokoneza chithandizo chamankhwala. Koma mpaka lero, pali malo ambiri odziwonera okha omwe akugwira mawu oyeserera a Nas Bowling kuti alimbikitse chiphunzitso chotchedwa mbali imodzi cha chithandizo cha khansa ya Vc, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chithandizo chanthawi zonse cha odwala khansa.

Kubwerera ku mzimu wa empiricism ndikuuposa

Chofunika cha sayansi ya moyo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe yozikidwa pa zoyesera. Kuyesera kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chotsimikizira zamalingaliro, m'malo momveka bwino potengera kuchotsera mwamalingaliro. Kuwonekera kwa zolakwika zowona nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku chikhulupiriro chakhungu cha ofufuza mu data yoyeserera komanso kusaganizira mozama pamalingaliro amalingaliro ndi njira.
Kuyesera ndi njira yokhayo yodziwira kutsimikizika kwa chiphunzitso, koma sikungalowe m'malo mwa malingaliro ongoyerekeza. Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi sikudalira kusonkhanitsa deta kokha, komanso kuwongolera koyenera komanso malingaliro omveka bwino. M'gawo lomwe likukula mwachangu la biology ya mamolekyulu, kokha mwa kuwongolera mosalekeza kukhazikika kwa mapangidwe oyesera, kusanthula mwadongosolo, ndi kuganiza mozama komwe tingapewe kugwa mumsampha wa empiricism ndikupita ku luntha lenileni la sayansi.