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Galu akayamba kusanza mwadzidzidzi ndi kutsegula m'mimba, kapena mphaka wayamba kutopa ndikutaya chilakolako, madokotala a ziweto nthawi zambiri amalangiza kuti ayesedwe ndi nucleic acid.
Musaganize molakwika—izi sizikutanthauza kuyesa ziweto za COVID-19. M'malo mwake, zimafuna kufufuza "majini" a kachilomboka kuti mudziwe ngati atenga kachilomboka ndi matenda ofala monga parvovirus kapena coronaviruses.
Mwachitsanzo, tengani parvovirus (kachilombo ka DNA) ndi coronavirus (kachilombo ka RNA).
Njira yonse yoyesera ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu a "kufunafuna umboni", zomwe kwenikweni ndizosavuta kuzimvetsa.
Gawo loyamba ndizosonkhanitsira zitsanzo, komwe chinsinsi chake ndi kudziwa "malo obisalira" kachilomboka. Ma Parvovirus nthawi zambiri amakhala m'matumbo, koterozitsanzo za ndowe kapena kusanzazimayikidwa patsogolo; ma coronavirus amatha kukhala m'njira yopumira, koterozotsukira pakhosiamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zikufanana ndi kufunikira mayeso a magazi kuti munthu ayendetse galimoto ataledzera. Ngati malo olakwika atengedwa—monga kugwiritsa ntchito magazi kuti azindikire parvovirus m'matumbo—kulephera kuzindikira matendawa kungachitike.
Pambuyo posonkhanitsa zitsanzo,kuchotsa nucleic acidZotsatira zake, cholinga chake ndi kupatula asidi weniweni wa viral nucleic acid kuchokera ku zitsanzo zovuta. Kumbukirani kuti zitsanzo za ndowe kapena pakhosi zimakhala ndi zodetsa zosiyanasiyana monga tinthu ta chakudya ndi zinyalala za m'maselo. Ma laboratories amagwiritsa ntchito ma reagents apadera kuti agwire ntchito ngati "zosefera," kuchotsa zodetsa izi ndikusiya asidi wa viral nucleic acid yekha.
Komabe, kwaMavairasi a RNAmonga ma coronavirus, "chowonjezera"kulemba mobwerezabwereza"Pamafunika sitepe. Izi zimasintha RNA yosakhazikika kukhala DNA yodziwika bwino, zomwe zimaikonzekera masitepe otsatira.
Gawo lomaliza ndiKukulitsa kwa PCR, zomwe kwenikweni zimaphatikizapo kupanga mamiliyoni ambiri a "genetic ID" ya kachilomboka kuti chipangizocho chizizindikire bwino. Ma laboratories amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa quantitative PCR (qPCR), kupanga "primer probes" zapadera zomwe zimayang'ana ma virus enaake—mongaJini la VP2mu ma parvovirus kapenaJini la SMu ma coronavirus. Ma probe amenewa amagwira ntchito ngati maginito, amalumikizana bwino ndi nucleic acid yomwe akufuna ndikuyibwerezanso mwachangu. Ngakhale ngati chitsanzocho chili ndi ma virus 100 okha, kukulitsa kumatha kuwawonjezera kufika pamlingo wodziwika.
Kenako chipangizocho chimazindikira zotsatira zake kutengera zizindikiro za kuwala: kuwala kumasonyeza zotsatira zabwino, pomwe palibe kuwala kumasonyeza zotsatira zoipa. Njira yonseyi imatenga pafupifupi mphindi 40 mpaka 60.
Komabe, eni ziweto angakumane ndi vuto lodabwitsa: anzawo aubweya amasonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu monga kusanza kapena kutsegula m'mimba, koma kupeza kuti alibe nucleic acid; kapena, kupeza kuti ali ndi kachilombo koma amaoneka amphamvu ndipo sasonyeza zizindikiro za matenda. Kodi kwenikweni chikuchitika n'chiyani? "Machenjezo abodza" otere ndi ofala kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo.
Choyamba, tiyeni tikambirane za milandu yomwe anthu amasonyeza zizindikiro koma osapezeka ndi kachilomboka.Kawirikawiri, izi zimachitika chifukwa kachilomboka kakusewera "kubisala."
Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi pamene kachilomboka sikadafika pamlingo woti kawonekere m'chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, masiku 3-5 oyambirira kuchokera pamene kachilombo ka parvovirus kakufalikira, kachilomboka kamachulukirachulukira m'maselo a lymphoid. Kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka m'ndowe kumakhalabe pansi pa malire oti kazindikire ka 100 pa chilichonse chomwe chachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasawonekere ngakhale atayesedwa ndi PCR. Zili ngati wakuba akangolowa m'nyumba asanachite milandu iliyonse—makamera achitetezo sangathe kujambula zizindikiro zilizonse pakadali pano.
Vuto lina lofala kwambiri lili pa zitsanzo.Ngati zitsanzo za ndowe zili zochepa kwambiri, zotsukira pakhosi sizikufika pakhungu, kapena zitsanzo zimasiyidwa kutentha kwa chipinda kwa maola ambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nucleic acid iwonongeke, mayeso sagwira ntchito. Ziwerengero za m'ma laboratories zikusonyeza kuti zitsanzo zosayenerera zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zoposa 30%.
Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikiro izi sizingayambitsidwe ndi parvovirus kapena coronavirus konse.Kusanza ndi kutsegula m'mimba kwa ziweto kungayambike chifukwa cha matenda a bakiteriya kapena matenda opatsirana, pomwe malungo ndi chifuwa zingasonyeze chibayo cha mycoplasma. Popeza zida zoyesera nucleic acid zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mavairasi enaake, sizingathe "kuzindikira" zina zomwe zimayambitsa.
Komanso,Kusintha kwa mavairasi kungapangitse kuti mayeso asagwire ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa majini a coronavirus S kungalepheretse ma probe kuzindikira. Laboratory ina inapeza kuti 5.3% ya mitundu ina inapanga zolakwika zabodza, zomwe zimafuna kutsata kwa majini onse kuti zitsimikizidwe.
Ponena za ziweto zomwe sizili ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimayesedwa kuti zili ndi kachilomboka, nthawi zambiri izi zimasonyeza kuti kachilomboka "kali m'malo ogona."Ziweto zina ndi “zonyamula mavairasi.”Mavairasi monga kachilombo ka herpes kapena kachilombo ka agalu amatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali m'zinyama zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka. Malinga ngati chitetezo cha mthupi cha chiwetocho chikukhalabe chathanzi, sichidzawonetsa zizindikiro koma chidzapitiriza kutulutsa kachilomboka—monga momwe anthu ena amapezera kachilombo ka hepatitis B popanda kudwala matendawa.
Nkhani ina ikukhudza kusokoneza zotsatira za mayeso ndi katemera.Pakatha masiku 7-10 mutalandira katemera wamoyo wochepetsedwa mphamvu, kachilombo ka katemera kakhoza kutayikira m'ndowe. Kuyezetsa panthawiyi kungapangitse kuti munthu apeze kachilombo koyipa. Chifukwa chake, madokotala a ziweto nthawi zambiri amalangiza kuti asayesedwe ndi nucleic acid mkati mwa milungu iwiri mutalandira katemera.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina ma laboratories amakumana ndi "zochitika zodetsa." Ngati ma aerosol ochokera ku chitsanzo choyambirira chabwino alowa mu chitsanzo chatsopano, zingapangitse chipangizocho kuti chizindikirike molakwika kuti ndi "chabwino." Komabe, ma laboratories odalirika amagwiritsa ntchito "zotsukira" ndi ma swab apadera kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kumeneku, zomwe zimapatsa makolo mtendere wamumtima posankha malo ovomerezeka oyesera.
Ngati zotsatira za mayeso sizikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zachipatala, palibe chifukwa chochita mantha. Madokotala a ziweto nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa njira zotsatirazi kuti atsimikizire zina.
Choyamba,kuyesanso patatha nthawikuti mupeze "gawo lotha kufalikira kwa kachilombo." Ngati mukukayikira kwambiri kuti kachilombo ka parvovirus kapena kachilombo ka coronavirus kakufalikira, kuyezetsanso pambuyo pa maola 24-48 ndikofunikira, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka mwina kunafika pamlingo wodziwika panthawiyo. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti agalu omwe adapezeka kuti alibe kachilomboka kumayambiriro kwa matenda anali ndi chiŵerengero cha 82% cha kachilomboka atayezetsanso pambuyo pa maola 48.
Chachiwiri,kuphatikiza njira zingapo zoyesera ndi kuwunika zizindikirokuti aone bwinobwino. Mayeso a Nucleic acid amazindikira "matenda omwe alipo," pomwe mayeso a antibody amazindikira "matenda akale." Kuphatikiza izi ndi zizindikiro monga kutentha kwa thupi ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi kumapereka chithunzi chokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, galu wosanza yemwe ali ndi mayeso a nucleic acid omwe alibe koma ma antibodies abwino akhoza kukhala kuti akuchira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mavairasi kwatsika kale kufika pamlingo wosawoneka.
Pomaliza, kusankha njira yoyenera yoyesera ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa mayeso a antigen ndi mayeso a PCR amasiyana kwambiri.
Mayeso a antigen ali ndi mphamvu yochepa yowunikira—monga, kuzindikira parvovirus kumafuna tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 10⁵ kuti tipeze zotsatira zabwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mayeso a PCR amatha kuzindikira mavairasi okwana 100, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yowunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngati chiweto chikuwonetsa zizindikiro zomveka bwino koma chikapezeka kuti chilibe mphamvu pa mayeso a antigen, ndikofunikira kulangiza veterinarian kuti apite ku mayeso a PCR kuti apewe matenda osadziwika bwino.
Kuyesa kuli ndi malire; kuweruza kwasayansi ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Zoona zake n'zakuti, kuyesa nucleic acid si "chipolopolo chamatsenga." Kumafuna zitsanzo zoyenera, kuyesa pa nthawi yake, ndi kachilombo kuti "mugwirizane" posasintha.
Ngati zotsatira za mayeso zikutsutsana ndi zizindikiro, eni ziweto sayenera kuchita mantha. Lolani madokotala a ziweto apereke chigamulo chokwanira kutengera mbiri yachipatala cha chiwetocho, zolemba za katemera, ndi zotsatira za mayeso otsatira. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuzindikira ndi kuchiza ziweto zathu za ubweya, zomwe zimawathandiza kuchira mwachangu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-06-2025
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